Resources

This report, produced by the University of Oxford in collaboration with representatives from civil society, research institutions, government organisations, and NGOs, evaluates public participation and community engagement in domestic water supply management in Kenya, analysing policy progress, practices, and challenges within an evolving governance landscape.

Permit systems used for water authorisation were introduced in many African countries during the colonial era to protect water entitlements of settlers, with disregard for customary water tenue and local needs. These permit systems require users of water above a defined threshold to apply for permits offering formal legal water rights, therefore granting those who use water below this threshold weaker legal status. This REACH Story of Change explores a science-practitioner partnership which assesses water permit systems in Malawi, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The findings have been presented at key international forums and gained significan media attention, influencing policy discussions on water governance reform to better support inclusive rural development and farmer-led irrigation.

Water use behaviour impacts the hygiene of water collection points which can therefore impact water quality. While previous research has focused largely on household hygiene, REACH research has demonstrated how a systematic gap between engineering and hygiene considerations in the water sector is reducing access to safe drinking water. This Story of Change explores how regular cleaning of water point spouts and taps in Bangladesh could substantially reduce the number of people who lack access to uncontaminated drinking water (currently estimated to be between 2-4 billion people worldwide).

Managing water supply systems is essential for developing countries to face climate variability in dryland settings. However, high energy costs from pumping, water loss due to aging infrastructure, and increased demand from population growth can exacerbate this challenge. In response, this study proposes a methodology that optimizes a Water Distribution Network (WDN) and its management, within the dryland urban setting of Lodwar, Kenya. The findings highlight the potential of WEN-based solutions to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of data-scarce water utilities in dryland ecosystems.

This paper aims to understand intrahousehold power dynamics and how these shape decisions around water collection and allocation. Social norms, property rights and water infrastructure all influence household members’ bargaining power and shape the context within which household decisions are made. Analysis of intrahousehold dynamics needs to go beyond considering dynamics between spouses, instead also considering others who also contribute to water collection and usage.

With an estimated 30% of Kenya's national population in either primary or secondary school, access to a safe and reliable water service in schools is central to the achievement of Kenya’s Vision 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda on both basic education and water services. This briefing note outlines policy implications of an empirical study estimating the cost to guarantee safe and reliable daily drinking water services to all schools in Kitui County, building on experience and insights from FundiFix, a professionalized water service maintenance model operating in Kenya.

This working paper offers a detailed analysis of the costs and requirements to deliver safe and reliable water services in Kitui County schools, based on a county-wide audit and financial information from a professionalized water service delivery model operating in the county. The authors use this to develop an estimate of the cost to guarantee safe and reliable daily drinking water services for all of Kenya's public schools, and provide insights into new funding models and policy developments to facilitate this important goal.

Through the BRIGHT programme, REACH partner WLRC will build upon and scale up its research on water resources management, climate science, water quality and inequalities in Ethiopia to benefit an estimated 2.5 million people directly, and over 50 million people indirectly. This Story of Change reflects on the partnerships and processes that have facilitated this success for WLRC and for Ethiopia.

This study explores how upgrading water supply infrastructure influences user behaviour in rural Mali by modelling changes in revenue and volumetric water use when handpumps are upgraded to solar kiosks. Average monthly revenue is four times higher with solar kiosks, whilst payment collections increased and remained stable after upgrading handpumps to solar kiosks.

This Story of Change describes the establishment of an advanced river water quality modelling system in Dhaka. The system allows decisionmakers to assess the potential impacts of current activities and future growth on river health, and to explore strategies for mitigation such as improved industrial wastewater management and new sewage treatment plants. Ready Made Garment Industry actors have engaged with the model to understand and respond to pollution from their factories.

This study explores the physical changes in rainfall and landscapes leading to major flood events in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Climate Change is creating new flood regimes and reshaping the interaction of flooding with rapidly changing communities, heightening risk to vulnerable communities within the basin. Therefore, this study examines the interaction of physical phenomena with societal and economic dynamics across the basin’s upper, middle and lower reaches. Focusing on the extreme wet season in 2020, the study’s multi-dimensional perspective includes analysis of hydroclimatic variables at the basin level including global drivers, flood characterization in selected catchments, and understanding of affected communities at sub-catchment levels.

Water shortage affects every continent and is listed as one of the largest global risks hence the need for proper management of water resources. Municipalities and cities worldwide are struggling to meet increasing demand for water amid rapid urbanization, increasing population growth, industrial development and expansion of human activities. This study used Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to develop a decision support model that can be applied to improve the utility water demand management for the Lodwar Municipality in Turkana Kenya. The results can help water utility managers and decision makers highlight suitable areas for network expansion as well as infrastructure management planning within the municipality.

This REACH Story of Change presents the development of the Empowerment in WASH Index (EWI), a novel survey-based tool to measure agency, voice and empowerment in a WASH context. The EWI has been used in six countries to assess and evaluate women’s empowerment, showing its potential to inform policy and practice in the WASH sector by providing more robust evidence on how to integrate gender into intervention design, monitoring and evaluation.

As one of Africa’s fastest growing cities, Addis Ababa’s demand for water has sky-rocketed over recent decades due to population growth, increased per capita consumption, rural to urban migration, and growing water demand from industry. Water supplies across the city are already struggling to meet demand, with regularly interruptions to water services exacerbating inequities. This Story of Change explores the range of methodologies that REACH has applied to examine the implications of climate and population growth for Addis Ababa’s water supply. Of particular focus is a first-of-its-kind dynamic water allocation model which integrates both surface and groundwater resources.

It is estimated that four billion people worldwide lack safe drinking water – double the number of people estimated in 2020. The new estimate by Esther Greenwood and colleagues published in Science Magazine is accompanied by a Perspective piece by REACH Director Rob Hope.

The Turkana Jet plays a pivotal role in the meteorology of East Africa and owes its existence to both large-scale dynamics and the representation of intricate local-scale processes. However, much of our understanding of the jet relies on reanalysis, and these along with climate models that produce important projections do not represent these local-scale processes. This study systematically investigates the impact of changing model horizontal and vertical resolution in simulating the Turkana Jet, and associated local and large-scale processes.

Health risks from water quality pose a major threat to billions of people globally. Most microbial contaminants have short subclinical periods, compared to chemical contaminants that can take years to manifest, which can translate to less attention in the policy sphere. This paper presents a cross-sectional study of water quality in Bangladesh, assessing both subclinical disease and the psychosocial distress associated with varying water quality issues.

This paper is based on an analysis of over 4,000 months of handpump revenue data in Mali, exploring the effect on revenue and usage when a water service switches from a volumetric tariff to a monthly flat fee. The switch from volumetric to flat fees led to three times more monthly revenue, although a subsidy gap persists. Flat fees and higher temperatures were linked to higher water usage, offering insights into the role of professional service delivery models to support climate-resilient and reliable drinking water supplies for rural communities.

Land degradation is adversely affecting over 75% of the Earth's land surface and could exceed 90% by 2050. Likewise, the rate of soil erosion will increase by 66% during the period 2015–2070. Sustainable land management (SLM) practices are key to reducing rates of land degradation and are proven to ensure water security by increasing soil moisture availability, decreasing surface runoff, decreasing soil erosion, increasing infiltration, and decreasing flood discharge. In Ethiopia, over 85% of the land is moderately to very severely degraded at an estimated cost of $4.6 billion annually. This research highlights the importance of developing an SLM-water security policy to make the most of SLM techniques at a local and national scale.

This study focuses on characterization of Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) in the Awash River basin. Characterization of the EOCs was supplemented by chemical analysis of samples from river, boreholes, tap water, and surface water reservoirs. Analyses of environmental isotopes (δ 2 H, δ 18 O, and 222Rn) were used to investigate the exchange of contaminants between surface and groundwater supply sources. The analysis showed new types of contaminants in the water supply sources with potential impact on human and wider environmental health.